Firmware (ROM) = A set of software modules consisting of several parts (Hboot, Boot, Radio, Recovery, System)
Hboot = Bootloader, a program that provides interaction and program loading with hardware, as well as is responsible for identifying the software and gives the Recovery command to install this or that software.
Boot = Core
Adb = Android Debug Bridge, literally Debug Bridge for Android, in Russian - Interface for debugging Android. ADB is a certain program or service on your personal computer that will help you understand what is happening on your android device and gives you tools / commands for management.
System = A set of user and system applications included in the firmware
Radio = radio module. A very important part, responsible for communication, etc.
BB, PC = Personal Computer (Big Brother)
Stock, stock = "Factory" state of the software (may be completely "factory", and may concern only certain parts of the firmware)
Brick = Not loading a smartphone: "freezing" when loading, or not entering into any modes except Bootloader and Recovery (in severe cases, it is not included at all). There are several options: because of the "dead" chip eMMC (read the topic of marriage (link)), because of the wrong firmware and because of the Full Wipe
Wipe = Analog Hard-Reset on WinMobile, happens: Factory reset (reset to factory settings), Partititon Wipe ("Rubbing" section), Full Wipe ("rubbing" of all sections of firmware, usually done before installing firmware CyanogenMod lines) and BatteryStats Wipe ( Used when calibrating the battery)
Ruth, ROOT = account of the main administrator, or superuser. Having access to this profile, a number of possibilities appear that are not available in normal operation.
Recovery = a set of low-level utilities for saving / restoring a backup copy of all ROM partitions. By analogy with computer software - this is the "acronis true image on livecd". You can boot into the recovery and save the "current state of the system" - and then if you go back to it ..
Fastboot = mode for flashing / loading the phone. Allows you to flash individual sections of the flash memory of the phone.
The fastboot itself is built into the low-level boot loader: i. through fastboot you can not break fastboot - this is the most important thing! Knowing how to use fastboot - you can always flash your phone - even if you have not inserted the wrong firmware into the system section before.
Description of the menu items FASTBOOT
BOOTLOADER - the entrance to the same bootloader. After logging in, it is automatically picked up from an archive memory card named PG88IMG.zip. It is used most often for flashing radio, recovery and hboot. If there is no archive, you will simply receive messages that the archives were not found, and then you will be able to choose one of the following.
FASTBOOT- return to FASTBOOT (previous menu).
RECOVERY- recovery mode. Most often, alternative, used for flashing. The most popular 4EXT Recovery and Clockworkmod recovery. Stock (standard) is rarely used.
FACTORY RESET- reset the phone to factory settings if the device through the menu itself can not do this (eg completely forgotten password Antitheft Dr.Veba). Delete all user data (contacts, sms, software, etc. The memory card is not touched.
REBOOT- ordinary reboot, followed by the launch of the OS.
REBOOT BOOTLOADER- reboot into bootloader.
POWER DOWN- turning off the device